This paper addresses the lack of formal mathematical semantics in ODRL policy evaluation, a source of inconsistent behavior across implementations. Building on an existing semantic model, the authors formalize evaluation for access-control and monitoring scenarios in both static and streaming settings. They introduce an efficient algorithm and implementation intended to support all ODRL rule types, evaluate performance across policy-complexity and data-size dimensions, and compare existing ODRL evaluators by supported features and evaluation modes. The work is particularly relevant to policy interoperability in European dataspaces, data workflows, and AI governance systems.
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